u kamu nu Akate
nilacul[mikawaway-kalumyiti | mikawaway tu kalumyiti sakatizeng bangu]
阿卡德語，u kamu nu Akate(Akate a kamu:𒀝𒅗𒁺𒌑，akkadû ；sulit：𒌵𒆠，URIKI ；acasa Akate a kamu：𒅴𒀝𒅗𒁲𒌈，lišānum akkadītum )), u zuma a ngangan sa, u Yajia a kamu acasa Yakati a kamu, u kamu i sumamaday i Meisoputamiya kakitizaan saungay, u Yafi kamu salaylay San a binacadan a kamu. u matinengay saayaway a kamu nu San a binacadan, Akate a kamu namakay sumamaday Sumei a kamu, Sye a sulit. kya kamu a ngangan namakay tusa talawadaw lalangawan.
kakiliman[mikawaway-kalumyiti | mikawaway tu kalumyiti sakatizeng bangu]
BC 3000 a mihcaan, Sumei binacadan a tademaw atu Akate binacadan a tademaw patahkal tu masasiketay a lalangawan, tusa_kamu tacuwacuwa sa mueneng. micaliw tu sulit, kamu_sakilul, kakuniza(型態) atu kamu_ngiha macamel, Sumei a kamu salawilaw(最有影響) tu Akate a kamu. sisa, u kusuday(學者) pakuhica(認為) Sumei atu Akete tina tatusa a binacadan, u nisakaput(聯盟) kuheni.
patalahekal ku Akate a kamu i BC 2800 a mihcaan, sungay tu cidek ngangan_sulit(專有名詞). namakay BC 3000 a mihcaan zikuzay a demiad, malingatu tahekal tatenga'ay nu Akate a kamu a sulit atu cudad. kayadah ku cudad atu nasulitan matepa, izaw ku kungku、hulic、kagak(科學)、tigami atu laylay a cudad. katukuh BC 2000 a mihcaan, tusa masazumaay(變體) a kamu(u Yasu a kamu atu Papilun a kamu), nasaungay i Yasu atu Papilun.
Akate a kamu na u saungayay a kamu i sumamaday a capi_wali kakitizaan, matenes katukuh kayadah a lasubu a mihcaan, alawhani, BC 800 a mihcaan, malawpes tu tina kamu, nikatapalan(邊緣化) ni Alami a kamu. katukuh Sila a namihcaan(時代、時期), u mapalaway dada' musaungay tian kamu. sazikuzay a cudad tahekal i BC 100 a mihcaan.
kakitizaan a kamu：[mikawaway-kalumyiti | mikawaway tu kalumyiti sakatizeng bangu]
i sasa'ay a sapat_sulit(表格), u malucekay a kakitizaan a kamu nu Akate：
| 方言kakitizaan a kamu | 分布地點 nikalaliwasakan nu kakitizaan |
|---|---|
| 亞述方言Yasu kakitizaan a kamu | 兩河流域北部 tusa_talawadaw maalul a subal saamisan |
| 巴比倫方言Papilun kakitizaan a kamu | 兩河流域中部及南部 tusa_talawadaw maalul a subal satebanan atu satimulan |
| 馬里方言Mali kakitizaan a kamu | 幼發拉底河中游地區 (馬里城附近地區) Yufalati talawadaw satebanan maalul a subal kakitizaan |
| 那巴達方言Napata kakitizaan a kamu | 敘利亞北部地區Shuiliya saamisan a kakitizaan (特爾·貝達爾遺址附近地區，該遺址的古名爲那巴達，在早王朝時代爲那伽爾控制下的城市) |
u miginkiway pakuhica(認為), i ayaway a nasakamuwan atu natingengan, saungayay a Akate a kamu, caykaw nu zikuzay a Yasu kakitizaan a kamu atu Papilun kakitizaan a kamu, u paliyuh atu malawpesay a pacacayay(獨自) a kakitizaan a kamu. u zumaay a Akate a kamu sanay ku Aypola a kamu, uyzasa mizateng kita u pacacayay a wali_Sanmite a kamu ku Akate a kamu.
edapngiha[mikawaway-kalumyiti | mikawaway tu kalumyiti sakatizeng bangu]
| 原始閃米特語 | 阿卡德語 | 阿拉伯語 | 希伯來語 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *b | b | ب | b | ב | b |
| *d | d | د | d | ד | d |
| *g | g | ج | ǧ | ג | g |
| *p | p | ف | f | פ | p |
| *t | t | ت | t | ת | t |
| *k | k | ك | k | כ | k |
| *ʾ | (Ø)/ ʾ | ء | ʾ | א | ʾ |
| *ṭ | ṭ | ط | ṭ | ט | ṭ |
| *ḳ | q | ق | q | ק | q |
| *ḏ | z | ذ | ḏ | ז | z |
| *z | ز | z | |||
| *ṯ | š | ث | ṯ | שׁ | š |
| *š | س | s | |||
| *ś | ش | š | שׂ | ś | |
| *s | s | س | s | ס | s |
| *ṱ | ṣ | ظ | ẓ | צ | ṣ |
| *ṣ | ص | ṣ | |||
| *ṣ́ | ض | ḍ | |||
| *ġ | ḫ | غ | ġ | ע | ʿ [ʕ] |
| *ʿ | (e) | ع | ʿ [ʕ] | ||
| *ḫ | ḫ | خ | ḫ [x] | ח | ḥ |
| *ḥ | (e) | ح | ḥ [ħ] | ||
| *h | (Ø) | ه | h | ה | h |
| *m | m | م | m | מ | m |
| *n | n | ن | n | נ | n |
| *r | r | ر | r | ר | r |
| *l | l | ل | l | ל | l |
| *w | w | و | w | ו
י |
w
y |
| *y | y | ي | y [j] | י | y |
| 原始閃米特語 | 阿卡德語 | 阿拉伯語 | 希伯來語 | ||
nangiha[mikawaway-kalumyiti | mikawaway tu kalumyiti sakatizeng bangu]
| 前ayaw | 央teban | 後zikuz | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 閉edeb | i | u | |
| 中teban | e | ||
| 開buhad | a |
| 名詞 (陽性) | 名詞 (陰性) | 形容詞 (陽性) | 形容詞 (陰性) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 主格單數 | -um | -at-um | -um | -at-um |
| 屬格單數 | -im | -at-im | -im | -at-im |
| 賓格單數 | -am | -at-am | -am | -at-am |
| 主格雙數 | -ān | -at-ān | ||
| 間接格雙數 | -īn | -at-īn | ||
| 主格複數 | -ū | -āt-um | -ūt-um | -āt-um |
| 間接格複數 | -ī | -āt-im | -ūt-im | -āt-im |
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namakayniay a nasulitan nasakamuan atu natinengan(參考來源)[mikawaway-kalumyiti | mikawaway tu kalumyiti sakatizeng bangu]
nasulitan ni Tuku Tiway Sayuen i 2021 a mihcaa.
- Aro, Jussi (1957). Studien zur mittelbabylonischen Grammatik. Studia Orientalia 22. Helsinki: Societas Orientalis Fennica.
- Buccellati, Giorgio (1996). A Structural Grammar of Babylonian. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Buccellati, Giorgio (1997). "Akkadian," The Semitic Languages. Ed. Robert Hetzron. New York: Routledge. Pages 69-99.
- Bussmann, Hadumod (1996). Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-20319-8
- Caplice, Richard (1980). Introduction to Akkadian. Rome: Biblical Institute Press.（1983: ISBN 88-7653-440-7; 1988, 2002: ISBN 88-7653-566-7）（The 1980 edition is partly available online.）
- Gelb, I.J.（1961）. Old Akkadian Writing and Grammar. Second edition. Materials for the Assyrian Dictionary 2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Huehnergard, John (2005). A Grammar of Akkadian (Second Edition). Eisenbrauns. ISBN 1-57506-922-9
- Marcus, David (1978). A Manual of Akkadian. University Press of America. ISBN 0-8191-0608-9
- Mercer, Samuel A B (1961). Introductory Assyrian Grammar. New York: F Ungar. ISBN 0-486-42815-X
- Soden, Wolfram von（1952）. Grundriss der akkadischen Grammatik. Analecta Orientalia 33. Roma: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum.（3rd ed.: ISBN 88-7653-258-7）